5G
Who controls the future deployment of 5G?
Economic giants Germany and China started commercial-scale rollouts of 5G – the wireless technology infrastructure that is shifting the way the whole world operates – in late October 2019.
Even though machines and people will still communicate over the internet, 5G networking infrastructure is emerging. Although this is somewhat dependent on the internet, it is distinct from it and will also be subject to more government and private controls.
5G will enable us to do mammoth amounts of computing at high speeds and also without having to connect the input device – a cell phone, or a self-driving car –to any kind of wire. Such rapid speeds are only possible if the rest of the infrastructure is in place and close enough to transmit to these devices. Having your device – whatever it may be – in constant contact with a so-called cloud, sounds intense and very territorial yet, this emerging system will be far more grounded than the internet has ever been.
It is not yet known as to whether 5G controls will be exercised through states or companies but the implications for surveillance, security and national wealth, are huge. Despite this, policymaker’s and business executives have scarcely started to address them.
In the Clouds
The internet has never been easy to govern. Of course its use can be molded and guided by initiatives such as the European Unions (GDPR) but multilateral attempts to control the internet have to this day, failed. This is because the global Internet community is impenetrable and somewhat committed to avoiding state capture.
It is possible that this could change, but for now, the competitiveness of states and unproductive negotiations continue to dominate.
The internet, as you and I know it, can only move data; it does not store it; that’s done by huge servers in data centers. Even in a world of physical servers, location has not really been of importance, however, the emergence of 5G will change this.
Take Amazon Web Services (AWS), today’s leading data storage company. Amazon established the secondary group in 2006 to put its idle server space, intended for holiday sales surges, to better use. The AWS idea was to link that server space into, in effect, a single “virtual” machine, available for rent in any place at any time. The actual machines involved, could be anywhere and distributed across the world.
AWS refined the product which, soon became known as “cloud computing”. This concept became very popular with business owners who were eager to reduce their budgets for information technology departments, servers, software suites, updates, patches, and then more servers. You could store your website and data entirely in the cloud and access it instantly from a laptop using the Internet. AWS quickly became, and still remains, one of the main profitable units in Amazon.
Such a cost-efficient approach resulted in rapid innovation. Instagram was able to store over 100 million images on the cloud. Phones then became extensions of vast computing and storage.
Of course the big names started to compete with AWS and by 2011, major multinationals were embarking on “the great cloud migration”. Even the CIA jumped on the bandwagon in 2013, emphasizing the position of trust secured by the cloud. With unmatchable efficiency, security and ability to adapt to technological innovation, last year, the value of the cloud-computing business was more than $200 billion.
On the land
Even with the cloud, physical space still matters. We can store a movie on the cloud but the closer the laptop on which it plays is to the Wi-Fi router, the faster the movie will stream. The speed at which a signal gets to the computer and back is known as ‘latency’. The lower the latency, the faster the computing will be. Even with fiber-optic cable, there are latency advantages in physical proximity
With radio signals, such as from a cell phone, latency is much more important, because radio waves carry vastly less information, at slower speeds, and with more interference than is the case with cable.
So, the point is, if physical proximity is still important for cloud computing, it is critical for 5G networks. The magical aspect of 5G will be its ability to connect to a phone or car within milliseconds, this will process the data and then return it to the end device. Latency has to be low for this process to run smoothly and this is why computing is coming back down to earth.
So huge amounts of cash are now being thrown into building remote data centers. Last year, Argentina invited AWS to invest $800 million in a data center in their capital, Buenos Aires. Google plans to invest $850 million in a new facility in Taiwan. The fact that these tech giants are willing to invest so much indicates their awareness of the fact that data-localization laws and the fundamentals of data sovereignty are for now, not going away.
Building the data centers is also a way to get market share by lowering latency for users. These new centers create so-called “availability zones,” where radio-based computing can take place at ever higher speeds. So if cloud computing is global, then these zones are the local clouds which are built to house latency requirements of companies that are placing increasing demands on cloud providers.
So if the big-multinationals don’t claim their territory then others will. There is a parallel world of smaller businesses that are also building data centers around the world. Yes, Google and AWS are market leaders but they are in hot pursuit by Digital Realty Trust and Equinix, neither of which, are household names.
As one might expect, China favours domestic cloud centers even though US companies are more often involved. Much of the data-center growth in India and Africa has been led by smaller companies, frequently in collaboration with the big global names.
Time to take back the clouds
5G’s critical requirement for low latency and also the rapidly increasing competition in the data-center business suggests, the emergence of more local clouds as the new network settles on the land.
But the giants in the industry have responded to this idea defensively, because it threatens their ability to scale across borders and develop services for the largest-possible market.
Last month, France and Germany announced their intent to create a “European cloud” that would give local companies preference over AWS, Alibaba, Google, and other multinational cloud providers.
A spokesperson for AWS retorted that such a project would lack the scale to compete with the industry’s dominant players. “We think that the idea of a ‘national’ cloud is interesting in theory, but in reality it removes many of the fundamental benefits of cloud computing.”
Microsoft was harder hitting in its response: “Real sovereignty requires the most powerful cloud solutions—otherwise Europe will only cement its digital gap.”
Even the market dominating multinationals of today, do not always thrive by mocking the sovereignty of governments. Let’s face it, it is unlikely that Google search will be allowed to return to China anytime soon. Facebook also offended India in 2016 when one of their board members controversially said:
“Anti-colonialism has been economically catastrophic for the Indian people for decades. Why stop now?”
The launch of the EU’s GDPR and other state monitored guidelines was the start of a public-private fight over data control. Russia is also implementing legislation aimed at calming the multinational tech giants.
Cloud-computing, data-center, and 5G industries are now really becoming one single industry and this is where they need to start thinking ahead. As it stands today AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and Alibaba Cloud, each provides their own distinct cloud products.
Going from one to the other, or even combining the services of more than one of them, is not easy: these are all competitive companies that want to lock in customers and lock out any competition. However if the new global network being created by these companies is to actually be what it says on the tin – GLOBAL – then products intended for it, have to be able to transition flawlessly across corporate borders. If not, the cars and phones and intricate processes of the Internet of Things will not be globally accessible and at some point in their supposedly ethereal progress across the earth’s surface, they will cease to compute. To put it bluntly, they will require corporate visas to cross corporate borders.
As I’m sure you will agree, this borders on the ridiculous and amounts to a redistribution of sovereignty from state to corporation that is so far-reaching that states will push back—as we have seen, they already are. What the Trump administration is doing to Huawei, and China once did to Google, is what the EU might do to AWS. Silicon Valley’s “tomorrow belongs to us” period is ending.
It’s also in the best interests of governments to want to be in the best networks –which are all private. The approximately 50 companies that make up the bulk of the industry have to find ways to harmonize their operating needs with the security and competition that’s non-monopolistic. This is essentially what governments want and if it’s not provided, then states will more than likely engage in a long and drawn out war of destruction against international data-center-cloud-5G platforms, levying fines, imposing regulations, protecting domestic markets, getting rid of foreign competition, subsidizing national champions, and more.
The disruption this would cause in today’s networked society, is colossal. Without a more united stance and concerted effort by the corporate great powers of the new network, the reactions of governments will become more erratic as they confront their real and perceived weaknesses.
The evolution of wireless technologies has been going at a steady pace. Two technologies have been dominating the market for more than two decades. The advent of GSM or 2G as it is widely known, has allowed true mobile communications that culminated with the latest 5G evolution, while the Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) standard has brought mobile internet connectivity to the premises. In the technical circles, 2G and its subsequent evolutions are classified as a wide area network (WAN) technologies while Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) technology. The differentiation comes from the coverage range of each. The latest 5G standard has brought versatility to cellular technologies. People have been asking whether Wi-Fi should still exist with the increasing 5G availability. In the battle of 5G vs. Wi-Fi, are these technologies considered as friends or foes?
What are the Differences Between 5G and Wi-Fi?
Although they share many similarities, notably in terms of performance, 5G and Wi-Fi are basically two separate worlds. The philosophy surrounding their implementation and deployment is largely different.
5G vs. Wi-Fi: Installation and Ease of Use
The difficulty in deploying these two technologies is where the difference is actually the largest in the 5G vs. Wi-Fi battle. Akin to other previous cellular technologies, the deployment of 5G networks goes through a meticulous process including the optimized planning of the network, and deployment of the planned cell-sites and other associated components. The resulting capital expenditures are significant due to the cost of purchasing the components and erecting the different cell-sites. The subsequent maintenance and upgrade costs add to the existing bill. To compensate for the costs, operators work on paid subscriptions, and other attractive services to keep their profits on the positive side.
On the other hand, Wi-Fi requires a much lower cost to deploy. All what is needed is to decide where access points are to be installed and how many of those are needed. Once acquired, the Wi-Fi network can be connected to the Internet backbone to establish end-to-end connectivity. It is worth noting that the cost of wireless access point is significantly cheaper than that an erected cell-site.
5G vs. Wi-Fi: Frequency of Operation
This is another large difference between the two technologies. 5G networks normally operate on licensed spectrum, with the exception of the CBRS band which has been recently used in the USA for private networks. This means that network operators need to go through auctions to acquire expensive licenses to run their network. The licenses fees also depend on the band of operation for the 5G network.
Wi-Fi however uses unlicensed spectrum for operation, namely in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. From a wireless propagation perspective, the 2.4 GHz allows a wider range of operation at the expense of much lower speeds. The new Wi-Fi 6E standard should allow additional bandwidth in the 6 GHz band which should boost the perceived performance from Wi-Fi transmission.
5G vs. Wi-Fi: Range and Performance
5G clearly stand out in terms of the range of operation. The use of hundreds of geographically distributed cell-sites and the flexibility in selecting several bands of operations allow 5G networks to be accurately dimensioned for certain coverage targets. Wi-Fi networks on another side are limited to several hundreds of meters in range, depending on the frequency of operation (lower band) and transmission power (higher).
With the latest Wi-Fi 6/6E release and the nearing Wi-Fi 7 announcement, the performance of Wi-Fi is on par with 5G networks, if not better in some cases. The fact that the Wi-Fi network is connected through fiber optics to the backbone with the users normally very close to the access point, allows consistently high-performance guarantees. 5G networks from the other side suffer from the classical cellular connectivity problems. As the subscribers get farther from the cell-site, the performance drops due to the signal attenuation resulting from the increasing distance and user mobility.
Wi-Fi 6 vs. Private 5G Networks
The emerging topic of private 5G networks has pushed many to question the need for Wi-Fi networks. With private networks, enterprises and other small institutions can have a secure environment where high quality connectivity is guaranteed, and several additional use cases can even be created. The cheaper Wi-Fi network can theoretically be used to achieve the same task, expect for the lack of a seamless connection to the external networks.
In a sense, private networks have been a competitor in Wi-Fi’s territory as it was the first 5G local area network (LAN) solution, invading a category where Wi-Fi has long been the undisputable leader.
Towards Tighter Cooperation?
5G and Wi-Fi shouldn’t be seen as enemies or foes, but rather as complementary technologies. The benefits of employing both technologies at the same time are numerous. Traffic offloading is one important application for a concurrent technology use. As data services are pricey on cellular 5G networks, offloading tasks when a Wi-Fi connection is available could save the subscriber a lot of money. The existence of a Wi-Fi network provides load balancing opportunities as the processing can be shared between the 5G and Wi-Fi networks. For instance, in the context of private LANs, local processing could be done through the Wi-Fi network while the 5G link can be used to connect different entities within the premises and maintain a connection with the external public 5G network.
Remember the Samsung Galaxy S5 from 2014? It featured a download booster feature that combines LTE connections with the local Wi-Fi connection to boost the download speed. The impressive 5G and Wi-Fi performance guarantees can even make the user experience even better.
Summary
5G and Wi-Fi are two technologies that are so different than each other, yet they complement one another perfectly well. Looking at them as competitors is undermining to their inherent properties as each has been conceived to achieve specific goals which do not necessarily align. The controversy stirred by the emergence of private networks is certainly not enough to question the role played by Wi-Fi network. The prospective advent of Wi-Fi 7 will foster the role played by the LAN technology in synergy with the wider range 5G networks.
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The recent coronavirus pandemic has been a big challenge for different sectors worldwide. The health industry has been put to the limelight due the large number of casualties and the inability of healthcare systems to ramp up their resources to face the rapidly escalating situation. In the background, the pandemic tested the readiness of various sectors in facing a sudden event. The evident answer was that no one was even close to being prepared for the unforeseen disastrous results of the sanitary events. Instead, the period has been governed by experimenting, learning, upgrading, and innovating, a cycle that has been ongoing, even when the repercussions of the pandemic subsided.
The pandemic was in particular severely testing for the educational sector. Millions of students suddenly found themselves away from the classroom, with no proper plan on how to proceed with their curricula. The first and obvious resort was technology and over the top (OTT) applications such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, WebEx, and Google Meet. Online learning platforms alleviated the burden on the educational system but at the same time highlighted the inadequacy of the existing telecom infrastructure to support a large surge in the number of users while satisfying minimum quality of service requirements. While operators worked heavily on upgrading their infrastructure, even in the middle of the pandemic, 5G use cases have emerged as lifesavers for the education sector. Not only this, but the pandemic also coincided with a worldly drive to deploy the latest technology on top of the existing 4G network.
Why 5G Can Be the Difference-Maker in Education?
Three main keywords favor the ranking of 5G as a difference-maker in the education sector: bandwidth, latency, and security. The new wireless standard has been conceived for flexibility in terms of the deployment strategy (non-standalone vs. standalone), bands of operations, and customization in terms of the implemented virtualized functions. On top of that, security policies have been notably enforced with the latest generation in mobile communications. As the role of telecommunications is primordial in education, 5G can be the solution to iron out some of the hiccups in educational content delivery. As a simple example, low 5G bands can be used to ensure proper coverage and guarantee education for most students, higher bands can be used in some places to enrich the digital experience bringing education as close as possible to the physical one.
What Are Applications Of 5G Technology in Education?
While 5G could secure the proper infrastructure for an adequate education experience, the applications of 5G in education go beyond communication service provision. The combination of advanced transmission capabilities, improved security and increasing edge computing availability unlocks different possibilities to enrich the learning experience.
Probably the most thought of feature is the inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and extended reality in the learning process. AI in education brings schools to the digital age enabling smart content, tailored learning experiences, and improved class management. The use of speech recognition can further enrich the learning process.
The incorporation of extended reality, including virtual and augmented reality is key to address of the main limitations of distant learning, practical work. While most of the learning outcomes can be met through appropriate content delivery, practical work such a laboratory experiments and in-class projects is hard to deliver as the needed equipment and resources are only available in the school premises. Augmented reality can help the student manipulate equipment and interact with elements of the class in a way they could not achieve with traditional online learning platforms.
Extended reality also provides the student with an immersive learning experience. Instead of suffering from the psychological effects of sitting alone for long hours behind a computer screen, the student can be submerged in a real classroom experience where he can interact with his classmates, school/university instructor, and other elements in the classroom.
Challenges And Warnings for The Use Of 5G In Education
The typical cybersecurity threats that jeopardize any online service apply as well to 5G-based educational systems. During the latest pandemic, a large number of attacks, notably ransomware have been reported on different institutions around the world. These attacks are certainly not inherent to 5G systems but are important factors that should be catered for. The emergent usage of 5G private networking could be one solution where institutions can deploy their networks with customized reliability and security policies.
The proliferation of 5G-based education can also have an adverse effect in deepening the inequalities between countries. The quality of the education would then depend on the availability or not of 5G services in a given country.
Finally, educational methods relying on 5G shouldn’t be considered as the norm. What applies to a country and to an educational institution therein does not necessarily apply in another context?
Summary
The pandemic taught use the hard way that disruptions in any sector can be very costly, and even harder to fix. The educational sector suffered considerably from the effects of the pandemic, notably in terms of the availability and quality of education. At the same time, 5G networks were slowly expanding throughput the world. What has been damaged by the pandemic can partly be fixed using 5G systems. The technologies accompanying 5G systems provide several use cases for education, notably through the use of extended reality to provide an immersive educational experience. As with any technology, new learning paradigms shouldn’t be considered as a standard, thus emphasizing inequalities among countries.
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5G is the hype of the moment, not only among operators but also among big tech companies, industries, and governmental organizations. The sign displayed on any device lets users know that they are on T-Mobile’s 5G UC network instead of the regular 5G network.
Last year, T-Mobile rolled out its 5G UC network aiming to cover more than 200 million people in the U.S. as part of its plans to deliver faster cellular connectivity to more Americans. 5G UC android is available to iPhone and Android users on the T-Mobile network and can be determined by a ‘5G UC’ sign in the status bar on smartphones.
Earlier this year, T-Mobile USA announced a 5G milestone as they’ve reached 200 million people with their “5G Ultra Capacity” service.
This is T-Mobile’s fastest-available 5G coverage, and it’s effectively unique to this carrier.
A few years back, the fifth-generation technology was deployed in the U.S. With some of the biggest carriers in the market with 5G networks covering most of the country’s population. While it was limited to select metropolitan areas in the initial phase, it mostly covers various parts of the country.
A few months after its appearance on iPhones early 2021, the 5G UC icon appears on many Android phones.
5G UC Android Meaning
5G UC refers to customers connected to a 5G network, which is only shown on Android phones with 5G support with smartphones or iPhones, like iPhones 12 and 13. This means that 5G UC users are connected to mid-band or millimeter wave (mmWave) 5G; for T-Mobile, it is more likely related to mid-band, as this drives up the majority of telecom operators’ faster 5G network.
When it comes to the network’s mmWave, it is perceived as the fastest 5G band commercially available, but it’s found in a few locations, and uses a higher frequency than prior cellular networks and allows blazing-fast connections.
This new network will only appear if you are a T-Mobile customer and notice a new “5G UC” icon in people’s Androids phones status bar. The 5G UC icon is shown when a customer is connected to T-Mobile’s Ultra Capacity 5G network. The president of technology at T-Mobile, Neville Ray, said the carrier’s customers will sometimes see “5G UC,” which means they are in an area with fast speeds with “Ultra Capacity 5G.”
Summary
As telcos roll out more extensive improvements that bring meaningful speed and latency increases, they’re caught in a crossfire: regular “5G” is too weak of a brand to impact. Nowadays, telecom operators are competing to get the best fifth generation technology on their phones to serve clients as efficiently as possible.
Inside Telecom provides you with an extensive list of content covering all aspects of the tech industry. Keep an eye on our Telecom section to stay informed and up-to-date with our daily articles.
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Ian Terblanche, Global Strategic Sales & Channel Director at Sigfox
