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Treasury report calls for stricter oversight of stablecoins

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The Biden administration is calling on Congress to pass legislation that would strengthen government regulation of stablecoins, a form of cryptocurrency that has soared in popularity in the past year.

In a 22-page report issued Monday, the Treasury Department and several other regulators said the legislation should require that stablecoin issuers become banks, which would potentially subject them to a wide range of rules, including those requiring that banks hold sufficient cash reserves and implement measures to prevent money laundering and other illicit activities.

“The absence of appropriate oversight presents risks to users and the broader system,” said Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen. “Current oversight is inconsistent and fragmented, with some stablecoins effectively falling outside the regulatory perimeter.”

The highly-anticipated report was prepared by an interagency committee known as the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, led by Treasury. It also includes the Federal Reserve, Securities and Exchange Commission, and Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

“The agencies believe that legislation is urgently needed to comprehensively address the prudential risks posed by payment stablecoin arrangements,” the report said.

Until Congress acts, the working group said that the Financial Stability Oversight Council, a broader collection of financial regulators responsible for spotting risks to the financial system, could coordinate steps to protect investors and oversee stablecoin issuers’ reserves.

“It would force them into the regulatory perimeter, which is the thing that most people think is appropriate,” said Howell Jackson, a financial regulatory expert at Harvard Law School.

Some of those regulators have already taken a tough line, such as SEC Chair Gary Gensler, who has said stablecoins can be used for money-laundering, tax avoidance, and to circumvent U.S. financial sanctions.

Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that is pegged to a specific value, usually the dollar or another currency or gold. By keeping each digital token valued at $1, unlike better-known cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin that can fluctuate wildly in price, stablecoins are potentially better suited to commercial transactions. Many holders of Bitcoin see it as an investment and won’t spend something that could appreciate in value.

There are over 200 stablecoins worth nearly $130 billion, a six-fold increase from a year ago. They are mostly used on cryptocurrency exchanges to purchase other digital assets like Bitcoin. Many of those exchanges don’t have relationships with banks that would enable traders to use cash.

But the report noted that the coins could soon be used more widely to purchase goods or send money overseas, such as remittances by immigrants, which are currently done through expensive wire transfers.

The explosive growth of stablecoins and the risks they pose to the financial system have quickly concentrated the minds of government officials on what kinds of regulation might be needed. Large banks have also urged that stablecoins be required to abide by the same rules they do, and even some stablecoin issuers have called for clear regulations to bring some order to the industry.

The primary concern about the coins is that they could be anything but stable. Should a large number of holders of a particular stablecoin decide to redeem them for dollars, they could create the equivalent of a “run on the bank.” Stablecoin issuers typically say they hold a dollar in reserve for every coin, to facilitate redemptions.

Some issuers say they keep the dollars in cash and short-term Treasuries, which can be quickly converted to cash. But some hold their cash reserves in riskier assets, the report said, including short-term business loans known as commercial paper, corporate and municipal bonds, and even other cryptocurrencies.

If those assets were to plunge in value — as commercial paper did in previous market meltdowns, in 2008 and in 2020 — that could make it impossible for a stablecoin issuer to maintain its $1 peg. That could further fuel panic among investors.

The largest stablecoin issuer, Tether, has been fined by both New York state authorities and the CFTC for misleading investors by claiming that all its tokens were backed by dollars and other fiat currencies, when they were not.

There are extensive webs of regulations that govern banks, securities exchanges, and investment funds, to protect consumers and avoid market collapses. Senior Treasury officials said that stablecoins were largely falling through gaps in those rules.

“If we’re going to have something that looks just like a money market fund or a bank deposit or a narrow bank and it’s growing really fast, we really ought to have appropriate regulation,” Fed Chair Jerome Powell said in congressional testimony earlier this year. “And today, we don’t.”

Some progressive organizations have opposed the call for new legislation, because it will be subject to lobbying by well-funded companies and trade groups that support the broader use of stablecoins. Legislation is also likely to take a considerable period of time, given the partisan polarization in Washington, even as stablecoins are growing rapidly.

The working group’s report represents a least a partial victory for Circle, a company that issues USD Coin, the second-mostly widely used stablecoin, with nearly $33 billion in circulation. Circle has announced that it is already taking steps to convert itself to a bank.

“We are fully supportive of the call for Congress to act and establish Federal banking supervision for stablecoin issuance,” said Jeremy Allaire, Circle’s CEO, in a statement. “This is huge progress in the acceptance of stablecoins.”

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This version of the story removes an erroneous reference to Andreesen Horowitz as an investor in Circle. It is not an investor in the company.


WASHINGTON (AP)

Blockchain - Cryptocurrency

Is Cryptocurrency Legal in India?

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Cryptocurrency Legal in India

Whether making Cryptocurrency legal in India or not is still up for debate, but the Supreme Court asked the government to be very clear about its position. The national government is drafting a bill to control cryptocurrencies and other digital assets in India. In the Union Budget 2022, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the federal government would impose a steep tax of 30% on virtual assets, such as cryptocurrencies and Nonfungible Tokens, or NFTs. Budget 2022 suggested creating a new section 115BBH to impose income tax on cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets in order to implement this crypto tax.

According to finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman, taxing cryptocurrencies does not make them legal tender in the nation. The nation has the right to impose taxes on cryptocurrency transactions, and these taxes have hit the Indian crypto market hard. The finance minister stated that an official position on regulation wouldn’t be taken until the ongoing consultations were over.

The Directorate of Enforcement (ED) of the nation is making rapid progress with its investigation into any potential foreign exchange.

According to reports, the ED is looking into every aspect of the offshore transactions carried out by the Indian exchanges. The amount of domestic money that left India is being estimated by the Indian authorities, and is a big factor in whether to make Cryptocurrency legal in India or not. Transaction histories and the companies’ involvement with foreign exchanges are hidden from view for that reason.

When an assessee’s total income includes any income from the transfer of virtual digital assets, the proposed section 115BBH seeks to stipulate that the amount of income tax that is due is equal to the sum of the income tax that is due at the rate of 30% on such income and the amount of income tax that would have been due had the assessee’s total income been reduced by the sum of those incomes, according to the Budget 2022 Memorandum.

From Assessment Year 2023–2024, the recently proposed cryptocurrency tax will be in effect. In the upcoming fiscal year (2022–2023), all of your cryptocurrency-related income will be subject to a 30 percent tax rate. For FY 2021–2022, investors must pay taxes in accordance with the current tax regulations.

With this law, the Indian financial authorities have essentially clamped down on the newly emerged financial market due to fear of financial instability, especially given the recent crypto crash.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated in November that cryptocurrencies could “spoil our youth” after the central bank had repeatedly warned that cryptocurrencies could pose “serious concerns on macroeconomic and financial stability.”

This view on the dangers of cryptocurrencies comes, ironically enough, despite some pretty impressive statistics, and have been taken into consideration when discussing whether to make Cryptocurrency legal in India.

One of the largest and fastest-growing cryptocurrency markets worldwide is found in India. There are 15 domestic cryptocurrency exchanges in the nation.

According to industry data, there are between 15 and 20 million cryptocurrency owners in India, with estimated holdings worth $6 billion (€5.31 billion).

Despite this, the Indian cryptocurrency market remains under stringent scrutiny that appears to persist for the foreseeable future.


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How Facebook’s Cryptocurrency Venture Fell to its Demise

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Facebook’s Cryptocurrency Venture

Surely, we all remember that one time when Facebook tried to enter the cryptocurrency world to expand its influence into the decentralized universe of cryptocurrency and blockchain. But those familiar with Facebook’s cryptocurrency venture also know that the dream did not even come close to fruition. Why? Let’s just start by saying many factors led to its unfortunate doomed fate, which was put into question from the get-go, but the main one has to be the project’s failure to secure the satisfaction of federal regulators.

Facebook Crypto Coin

In its first uncovering of its ambitious venture, the initial Facebook cryptocurrency name was Libra, which later on was changed, and the crypto coin was dubbed the name Diem. A term that could mean “carpe diem,” referring to the urge to make the most of the present time and not considering the thought and consequences of the future.

Seems quite fitting, given the project lasted only during its present time, did not see the light of day, and never reached its future endeavors. This can mainly be attributed to the heavy federal discontent of federal regulators and global finance officials, leading to its imminent failure in such a short period of time.

Originally, Facebook’s cryptocurrency venture was announced as a stablecoin with a value pegged to real-world assets, similar to worldly fiat currencies. The Facebook Libra cryptocurrency was intended to be adopted as a basic global currency with sparse fees, playing the role of digital money on your phone, used to pay any purchase supported by cryptocurrency. The overtone of this factor means that if the project had seen the light of day, it would’ve had its own monetary power, placing it in direct competition with the fiat currencies, such as the U.S. dollar. An element that brimmed fear into financial officials, pushing federal regulators to impose some form of authority on the project and its success to prevent any impact on the financial system’s sustainability and the overall control imposed by global central banks over money.

The Duel for Existence

The cryptocurrency of Facebook has been fighting for its existence since day one. Bombarded with deep discontent from the regulatory gaze and central bankers driven by fears that it would endorse illegal endeavors such as money laundering and privacy infringement and present itself as potential competition for global currencies’ sovereignty.

Following the regulatory scrutiny, the Facebook coin Libra was exposed to an endless chain of various ownerships, ending with a wave of migration of many corporate partners and high-level executives. The project, which Facebook’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mark Zuckerberg hoped would change the world’s financial ecosystem, was soon faced with Washington’s rejection, particularly that of the Chair of the Federal Reserve and the Treasury secretary.

From there, the Big Tech giant’s respectable prestige was smeared to the ground during Zuckerberg’s testimony on Capitol Hill as he was playing all his cards to protect the name of the project. Yet the controversies of Facebook breaching Its users’ data privacy, spreading misinformation, and failing to provide robust censorship on its platform affected the stability of the project. Not to mention the fact that some of the biggest financial companies backing the project forsook, such as Mastercard, Visa, and PayPal. Then, followed by the head of Meta’s Cryptocurrency efforts, David Marcus announcement to abandon his responsibilities on the project.

With that in mind, the chain broke, and an overflow of criticism broke unto the project, with U.S. President Joe Biden expressing that he was never really a fan of the social media giant’s CEO and highly ranked Republicans and Democrats voicing their agitation with the Diem project.

Summary

The rippling effect of executives leaving Facebook’s cryptocurrency venture and politicians directing their wrath on the venture’s parent company left the Facebook coin, Libra, in a state of limbo for a while, which eventually led to Its demise. While there were many factors that contributed to its failure, the one thing that accentuated Its doomed fate is that the idea was envisioned by Facebook. The one thing that would’ve contributed to its eminent success, turned out to be the only thing catalyzing Its calamity.


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German Financial Authority BaFin Calls for Unified DeFi EU Regulation

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DeFi EU Regulation

Executive director of Germany’s Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), Birgit Rodolphe, has appealed for novel and comprehensive regulation of the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector across the European Union and to create a consistent DeFi EU regulation.

BaFin is Germany’s financial regulator, in charge of overseeing banks, insurance companies, and other financial organizations, which includes everything related to cryptocurrencies. BaFin is responsible for issuing “crypto custody licenses,” which are essential for companies wishing to provide bitcoin services in Germany.

Rodolphe made a point of the risks presented by an uncontrolled DeFi area to consumers in an article on BaFin’s website, calling for a uniform regulatory framework throughout EU member countries.

“One thing is clear: the clock is ticking. The longer the DeFi market goes unregulated, the greater the risk for consumers, and all the greater is the danger that critical offers that have systemic relevance will establish themselves.” Rodolphe stated.

She listed “technical issues, hacks, and fraudulent activity” as threats to consumers, claiming that DeFi isn’t as “democratic and altruistic” as its proponents believe and that DeFi products and systems are “difficult for many to grasp.” She came to the conclusion that DeFi protocols cannot function outside of rules just because they employ new technologies and claim to be outside the reach of law and governance or believe themselves to be self-governing.

Rodolphe lamented that the deregulated and chaotic DeFi, crypto, and NFT spaces had left many missing their financial livelihood. This is especially true now amid the biggest crash in crypto history that saw otherwise safe financial decisions brought low, with livelihoods lost and DeFi projects abandoned.

It is true that those who lose in the wild west, that is, the crypto market have no one to turn to when things go wrong, when assets disappear, wallets are hacked, or deposits are lost.

She went on to say that lending, borrowing, insurance, and other goods outside of the traditional financial system are all subject to license and supervision in the states where they’re sold, and she urged authorities to establish standards that will give DeFi providers legal certainty.

Rodolphe cited BaFin’s “crypto custody business” license, which allows businesses to provide cryptocurrency services in Germany.

The license was which was launched in January 2020 as an “attractive” regulatory framework for crypto enterprises. Only four crypto service providers have been licensed so far, but numerous financial institutions have applied.

Rodolphe wrote that regulatory systems in different European countries should be the same and help form a unified DeFi EU regulation.

“Ideally, such requirements would of course be uniform throughout the EU in order to prevent a fragmented market and to leverage Europe’s entire innovation potential.” She emphasized.

Rodolphe drew the conclusion that new DeFi laws mustn’t be weaker than the existing standards for traditional financial goods, as this might make DeFi products more appealing to businesses from a regulatory standpoint.

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